CD Cover preparation

In order to prepare for the making of the band's CD Cover, I took an old CD case which i don't use anymore and took the measurements of it so i could establish my own template to fit that case in order to make a sample CD case.

I took this measurement just in case i wanted to a cover for the actual CD.

This is my finished template and i will base the actual band's CD cover around this template.

Analyzing my first shoot

To analyse my first shoot i will elaborate of what is good and/or bad in one of my full shots (a video) and i will elaborate on a couple of screenshots which correspond to different angles i took some of the shots from.

This is one of the shoots that i took and i think this one had the best outcome therefore i can use this one to see what i can improve and get an overview of what worked and what didn't work


(video still to upload)

• My original idea was to fade from dark to medium light and then to well lit. i like the first bit of it when it goes from dark to medium light and i think it'll go well because it goes with the rithm of the song. However i feel that camera is quite low when it is dark, by this i meant that i know that you aren't supposed to see almost anything but i when you look at the dark part it does not look good. When i turned on the second part of the lighting (to well lit) i feel that because i had to manually switch on each light it does not look professional when you can see in the video that one light is switched one after the other (time) rather than they go on together.

• One other fault that i see when it is well lit is that the two guitarist and bassist are too lit in comparison to the lead singer. I think that have not used the 3 point soft lighting kit caused this problem because i had to use too much of the main stage lighting.

• I do like the amount of light that is on the drummer and the singer, however this takes away the eerie and dark effect that rock music videos tend to have.

• I do like the set up in this shot (where each band member is) and i'm glad that i tried to move them around before shooting to see what would work best.

• This clip is un-edited therefore the voice of the vocalist is faded away due to the noise of the actual drumming. This will of course be solved in editing stage as i will overlay the cover track on later.

• I think that what is missing in this clip are definitely props as we didn't have time to set up the amplifiers. However i think that this problem would be resolved if i did another shooting and i included the 3 soft lights (two of which would be visible in the background) and the cables to this would also full the stage a bit. Another thing that would help this, is that i should have shut the curtains at the very back and maybe added coloured lighting in the background to add interest.

These two angles are the ones i like most i think. It perfectly shows the band's unison and i think it would work great in my music video. Again, lighting is the only issue i have because in these shots you can cleary not see the drummer. One thing that would improve these angles however, would be to not leave too much space around the band. What i meant is that there shouldn't be as much free head space and side space. After all the music video is about the band.

These two shots are both from the same angle. The top one having the well lit lighting and the bottom picture the medium lighting. I think that from this angle it would have been great that instead of this being a still shot i would have made it the hand held shot and walked steadily from one side to the other. By doing this i could have also done the close ups that i wanted by passing by each member.

These two pictures emphasize my point of lighting. That the drummer is the one who suffers most in the medium light that i mostly liked. Another thing is that i shouldn't have filmed it straight on from the side, i should have instead shot it a bit diagonally.

 These are my wide to mid shots of each individual band member that i took. 

#1 - I do like the angle i shot this at, the only thing needed to tie this shot with the video would have been extreme/close ups of him playing the bass.

#2 - As mentioned previously i wish i had shot this at a slight diagonal angle therefore the only thing to tie this to the music video would have been extreme/close ups too.

#3 - I tries this one out and i did not like the low angle i created in this. Again, close ups would have been necessary.

#4 - This angle did not go well at all as i am filming "outwards" of the band, if i would have filmed this at the opposite angle which would have shown the band behind/to the side of him, it would have been a good shot too. And once again, close ups would have been needed.

The bottom picture shows the whole angle i shot at, the two above are a zoomed in version of either side. I think that this angle did not work at all and for me personally had no purpose. I feel that (top left) seeing the back of those two and members just did not look good at all. (top right) one of the band members completely faded away from this angle and that only the drummer would have somewhat benefited from this angle, however i it would have been a over the shoulder/close up as it shows on the zoomed in version on the top right.

I feel that overall the thing i have to work most at for my next/possible re-shoot is lighting. i have to make sure to include the 3 point soft light kit. Also close ups will be very important as i didn't manage to do so in this shoot.

Evaluation of the shoot (1)

• What worked:

- I stuck to my timing frames. So, i had an idea as to when i was supposed to do certain things which helped. I was able to start filming the band at the time i planned and we finished as planned too.

- Briefing the band was also effective as everyone was professional at the time of filming and they knew that whilst i was setting up the camera, lights and sound, they were going through the song and practiced.

- Because i kept to my 'other considerations' and talked to Charlie the day before about how to use the theater lighting i was quick to find a solution for when a problem came up *(mentioned in "What didn't work:".

- Making sure that the theater would be ready for that day and time along with making sure that we could borrow the music instruments beforehand made sure that i was actually able to film on that day and therefore not having to delay the shoot a few days back.

• What didn't work:

- There was a problem with the already programmed lighting that i did with Charlie the day before. I was only supposed to slide the button up in order for the middle lights to come up and then press the button underneath it, which would have gradually turned on the selected lighting. However when pressing the button as well as doing that, it turned on coloured light behind the band and i wasn't able to fix that within 10 minutes, therefore i opted to fade in the lights manually sliding up each individual button that corresponded to certain lights.

- Although i stuck to my timing frames i didn't take into account that to shoot the whole song one time through would take me around 7 to 10 minutes. Because i'd check that the camera was filming, then go and turn the lights down again, make them play the song through, go and check the camera had filmed it, set it up in a different angle, check everything and redo this over and over again. This caused me to not get as many individual shots of the band members as i planned to.

Shooting plan (1)

• Aims

My priority is to get some (3 to 4 different angles) individual shots of the drummer because he isnt as available as the other band members along with at least two takes from different angles of the whole band performing.

(Two indivual shots of the each guitarrist. Different angled shots (3 to 4) of the lead singer.) If there is time.

• Locations

School theater

• Personel

The band ( Conor, Rob, Sam, Dan)
And me.

• Equipment

SD card
Camera ()
Tripod
Soft light

• Date and times

Tuesday the 19th of November 2013
Preparation will be done from 12:00 until 3.15 (most likely by myself in order to check i have everything needed)
Directions given and practice shots form 3.15 until around 5 (due to one band member only being able to come at 5)
And the actual shoot will be done from 5:30 onwards in the theater.

• Other considerations

Make sure that baterry is full on camera
The SD card has enough space
Ask Charlie (the person that knows about lighting) on Monday (18th November), to go over what best lighting i can use for my shoot.

Risk Assessment

Research on Band CD Digipacks

Band CD covers are ways for artists to sometimes express themselves to further emphasise the meaning of either a particular song in the album or the whole album itself. 

A CD cover is also a way to bring synergy between the promotional/marketing side towards the content itself.

Band covers are somewhat logos or iconic pictures that define the artist and are there to make an impression on the audience thereby making it likely to be bought around the world. The CD cover can be as simplistic and as complicated as the artist wishes, but if this product is correctly marketed it will always have a big impact on its audience which makes it more likely to be sold.

However, one finds that in this day and age CD cover are getting more simpler and less important. To comparison, before, music artists were also involved with artist (paintings type art) which helped to produce a CD cover that would take the audiences attention and attract them in order to gain popularity. 

Pink Floyd 

This is Pink Floyd's front cover for the album "The Dark Side of The Moon" . It is extremety simple. It contained no band name not even the name of the album. This cover art was made by a graphic designer, Storm Thorgerson. He was involved in many other cover art work such as for the band Muse abd Led Zeppelin.

This cover was very unusual due to its simplicity. It didn't have anything that would be relatable to the band (as in an iconic symbol) nor did it have anything related to either the band's name or the name of the album apart from the word "dark".

However this was an album that became iconic for Pink Floyd. This became the album/cover that Pink Floys are still remembered by to this date.



This being Pink Floyd's back cover for the album "The Dark Side of The Moon". The back cover kept with the theme of its front cover. Although again, very simple it includes some common things that are usually included in CD digipacks. For example, this back cover includes the tracks included in the CD (which is the most common convention for digipacks), it includes by whom the album was produced by, it includes a copyright paragraph, a bar code, the band's website and the date for its UK release.



The gatefold for this same album, clearly also goes with the theme of the whole cover. It is black with the rainbow type feature running horizontally. As said previously, this album is a very simple design, therefore it is to be expected that this follows the same pattern in the gatefold. This gatefold simply inclued the reacurring theme of the outside bits and the lyrics to the songs that are included in the track list and/or in the cd itself.

Queen 

This is Queen's front cover for the album "News of The World". This was also a quite interesting CD digipack as it also includes actual paintings. For this front cover, the artist Frean Freas had agreed to alter his original paining which featured the same robot with a (random) dead man with the caption "Daddy can you fix it?..." to the robot hoding (and some falling to the ground) the four "dead" band members.

This cover however, does include the band's name and album name. Therefore following the convention of a vast majority of CD covers that include these two main features.



This is the back cover of this album. Its is the bottom part of the painting. As this painting must have been a vertically (rectangular) size, in order not to have emty space on the sides (if it were fitted in only the front cover), it was split in two so there is a continuity and same theme throughout the digipack. This back cover includes features such as the track list, the producer, the producing company and the record label. What i found interesting in this back cover is that it doesnt include a bar code as it would be normal to have. However i found that in different editions of this digipack it does include the bar code and i also found different editions that include a coryright paragraph.



This is the gatefold of this album. This art was made by the same artist that made the cover for this album. This gatefold is a painting of the same robot, but this time it is reaching for the (petrified) audience. I found out that due to showing the "dead" band members before and it showing a petrefied audience in the gatefold it created quite a controversy and one supermarket even refused to sell this album at first.

I find that this gatefold goes perfectly with the whole theme of this digipack. The digipack has its theme and it is represented in equal amounts by each of the features of this album. And although the paintings really stand out it is a very simplistic cover, as seen in this gatefold, the only thing that you can see is in fact, this painting.

However, today, technology has taken over and CD cover got less important. People will rather buy a song online and get it in digital form which enables them to easily transfer it to either their mobile phones or ipods for them to be able to listen to the song on a journey for example. The art covers nowadays tend to be the artists themselves that are displayed on the CD cover or a simple backgroung and lettering.

As much as the CD cover is still displayed on one of the most popular music download website (itunes), they dont matter that much aymore. One can simply type the artist or the song that they are looking for in the searchbar and it will pop up immediately and ready to download.

I thing that CD covers nowadays are not very interesting, or there is not much attention payed anymore. However they are still somewhat there and still have some effect on the market as far as sales go. Therefore i think that for the CD cover that i will be producing for Sleeping Serenity will remain simple, yet i hope that it will stand out enough for it to be easily recognizable and for it to portray the band.

Storyboard

As i'm not very good at drawing out my ideas i added some captions/symbols to my storyboard in order for it to portray what i actually wanted.

1) I gave each band member a number so that i could identify them in group shots (so i wouldn't get them mixed up) and so that i could identify them in individual shots.

2) The not filled in arrow represents where the camera/me would be standing. As in from which point of view it would be shot.

3) This symbol represents the shot being cut of (as i couldn't draw just the part of the shot i wanted), as in the shot would only be from end to end of that arrow.

4) This would be the panning action. To which direction i would be walking for my hand held shots.

5) The eye with an arrow pointing down represents looking down on the band. Therefore this is a high angled shot. 

6) The not filled in arrow again represents the pov of the camera, but for me to have it clearer i added a number (corresponding to a band member) to which i would be closest too when filming that particular shot

Live Video

 This is a video that was filmed a few months back of Sleeping Serenity performing live at Cox Green School.
 Although the sound quality of this video is not the best and i intend to use their cover of this song instead of the original, i think that i might be able to use sections of this video as a "before and after" feeling in my music video should i choose to do so.
 Just an idea being: the band starts to perform alone, with no audience and at the end of the song they would have gained fans and essentially an audience to perform to. In a way, meaning that they have grown in popularity.
 This video would also be perfect for me to include on their band website (should i choose to make the website) in order to give the audience a more approachable feel to the band. As they have another two videos besides this one at this concert i think that it would be a good idea to include those too.

Annotated Lyrics

I guilty stand before you
I know I misbehaved
I never meant to hurt you

I humbly beg forgiveness
Hope that my soul be saved
And if I had a final wish pretty Miss I would only ask this:

I want you to do me with a tommy-gun baby
With a tommy-gun baby do me, GUN-TOMMY
If you have to kill me use a tommy-gun baby
Use a tommy-gun baby do me, GUN-TOMMY

There ain't no use appealing
Your justice will prevail
This time I must be punished
No lawyer no attourney
No chance of breaking bail
So won't you grant this final wish pretty Miss?
Won't you save a last kiss?

I want you to do me with a tommy-gun baby
With a tommy-gun baby do me, GUN-TOMMY
If you have to kill me use a tommy-gun baby
Use a tommy-gun baby do me, GUN-TOMMY
I want you to do me with a tommy-gun baby
If you have to kill me use a tommy-gun baby

Gun-tommy (X 3)

Aaaah shoot me... 

I guilty stand before you
I know I misbehaved
I never meant to hurt you

I humbly beg forgiveness
Hope that my soul be saved
And if I had a final wish... 
I would only ask this:

I want you to do me with a tommy-gun baby
With a tommy-gun baby do me, GUN-TOMMY
If you have to kill me use a tommy-gun baby
Use a tommy-gun baby do me, GUN-TOMMY
I want you to do me with a tommy-gun baby
If you have to kill me use a tommy-gun baby

GUN-TOMMY!



These are the lyrics of the song that i have chosen.  I feel that there is not much meaning in them apart from the obvious 'he did something wrong and he is apologizing/asking to be punished for it'. Because of this, i think that visual representation is most likely not to occur in my music video.

The band

This is my chosen band which i will film my music video with. They have all agreed in advance to this (to which a form was signed for beforehand) and when talking to them we agreed on using their cover of the song "Tommy Gun" by Royal Republic.



Sleeping Serenity

Members:





Conor - Lead singer







Rob - Bassist








Sam - Guitarist







Dan - Drummer

Target Audience Research

To speed up the process of asking person by person i found a website that would enable me to create an easy and simple online survey that people could take without any problems.  My survey consisted of three simple questions: gender, age group and if they likes rock or not.

In order to "advertise" this survey and to get people to answer this i posted it on social websites such as Facebook and Twitter.

Once I had waited for a while i got back 31 responses, surprisingly it was gender balanced and i got back 15 results from females and 15 results from males. However the extra one was a response in which the respondent skipped the gender question therefore i decided that this would be an outlier as i wanted to know how gender based the audience is. To solve the problem of his/her response on age and  if they liked that type of music or not i decided to delete this response to get a balanced result.

As mentioned previously, after i deleted the outlier response i had equal amounts of responses from males and females.

The results for age showed me that the people that most answered this survey were people between the age of 15 to 20, 36 to 40 and 31 to 35. The reason that these age groups were the most selected was because the people that i am friends with on my social websites. Therefore the majority of people were people my age and people with around the age of my parents.

28 out of the 30 people that answered this survey do like the rock genre. Therefore my survey showed that shows clearly that Rock genre is popular in all ages. 

My conclusion will contain more about these results.

As i can see individual responses i can see which people's response was no to the rock genre. I found out that one of the people was a female within the age of 36 to 40. I reckon that this response could be a very common trait within this age group and specially older. As rock is very popular now, older people might not enjoy it as much as it isn't from their "day and age". 

For the other response this was a Male between the age of 15 to 20. I think this response would be at a very low percentage if another survey would be made in just that age group due to this survey also concluding that almost everyone in this age group do like the rock genre.

Conclusion:

My survey concludes that my target audience will be from the ages of 15 up to 40. I do see that this is a wide target audience however i think that my survey shows that these are the best age groups to target and with the band i have in mind i think that it shouldn't be too difficult to cater to large amount of people.

I justify this because the age group of 15 to 20 has the largest amount of responses and although having one negative response i think that it is normal because not absolutely everyone has the same taste in music.  As well as the age group of  36 to 40 i got the second largest amount of responses which does show me that this age group also likes rock, which again had one negative response but this would be normal as again, not everyone has the same taste in music.

How my research will reflect in my music video

From Andrew Goodwin's theory:

• I think that i will not be using my music video establish a link between the video and the lyrics
• One think i hope to use in my music video is definitely "thought beats"
• I don't think that iconography will be a big thing in my music video, however i hope that it will be very genre-related
• I will hope to create a start image for the whole band however i think that i will end up using the stereotypical "focus on the main vocalist"
• I will definitely not use voyeurism in my music video
• And lastly my music video will not include intertextual references.

My reasoning:

• I don't think that my chosen song "Tommy Gun" has any particular meaning in its lyrics that i want to focus on or enphasise in my music video. Therefore i don't think that there is any need for me to establish a relationship between the video and the lyrics.

• "Tommy Gun" has strong beats that i hope i can capture and incorporate in the music video in order to bring some life on make it watchable as it adds a certain feeling to the music video which makes it more attractive to the audience.

• As Sleeping Serenity is not a majorly known band yet, i don't find that iconography is really needed at this stage in terms of the band. However as this is a Rock band i hope to take typical genre-related features and incorporate them into my music video.

• Star image will not be my main focus as i think that their star image will build itself with their popularity. However i will hope to focus at least a little bit on each band member to give them their own "spotlight moment".

• In my music video voyeurism will absolutely not be used. Firstly because from my research into Railton and Watson's theory, voyeurism is mostly used in pop artists and females become sexual objects. And secondly, athough some Rock bands will occasionally use voyeurism, my reasearch into the Rock genre shows that Rock music/bands will dedicate their music video to the song itself and not just include certain things such as "a sexual object" in order to attract a different audience. I want to make my music video purely about just the Rock genre and the band.

• Lastly, there is no necessity in my music video for thre to be intertextual references. The song does not reference to any other media text to my knowledge and therefor i see no need to include some reference which is not in the song itself.

The Rock Genre

The rock genre is one of the most popular genres after the "pop" genre.
It is mostly dominated by bands although solo rock music artists also contribute to its popularity. The rock genre at first sight seems mostly dominated by male solo artists and bands although woman have been ever more accepted into this genre and are becoming ever so popular in this day in time.
The rock music itself is mostly known for its sharp beats and drums, their electric guitar use and its eccentric performances.

Although the pop genre seems to be the most popular at first sight due to huge press and it is immensely talked about; the rock genre is the most listened to among the average music fanatic. Whereas the pop genre is all about 'showing off' in order to be known by everyone, the rock industry is about attracting attention too, however they attract attention to their music in a way that the audience doesn't look at them as some kind of super-empowered artist but the rock genre audience sees their idols as more approachable.

 Rock music videos, will almost always be performance-based, which correlates into them not being as much interested about how they look (personally) to the audience but they want them to focus mainly on their music. Although most Rock music videos will NOT include a narrative, they might have a story line (although usually left out and just focused on their performance, as said before). If a story line is present it is usually very simplistic and easy to follow by the audience because most of the time it illustrates the lyrics (which goes with Andrew Goodwin's theory about music videos).

The most used camera angles for this genre would have to be: high angled, hand held shots, group shot/long shot and constant close ups. High angled shots are used to establish the setting of the video, the hand held shots give a more realistic feeling to the audience as if they were the ones filming it, the group and long shots are used in order to showcase the whole band and to capture an overall image of the narrative (if there is any) of the video.

The editing in rock music videos usually correlates directly to the pace of the song. The editing basically goes at the same speed ad the beat of the song. Therefore, if someone is angry the editing pace is very quick, whereas if someone is sad the editing speed is slow accordingly. It is all kept very simplistic in the stage of editing for Rock music videos, and special effects are rarely used in this genre showing its simplicity.

Treatment

Aims:

My aim is to produce a around two and a half minute, Rock genre music video. This will also be including two ancilliary tasks, a CD digipack and a webpage. My music video will appeal to the right target audience (which i will still have to research) and all this should be completed by the 28th of February 2014. I want my music video to be perfected as much as i can in order for it grasping and interesting, i aim to achieve this by doing as much research as i can. Specially i will see what convention of editing are used for rock music videos in order for mine to portray exactly what i want. I want my audience to feel that the band is down to earth and approachable, i want them to enjoy the music video and feel like the digipack and webpage are well related to the band.

Structure:

In this music video there should be a clear focus on the band members. The music video's narrative (if any will be included) shouldn't overtake the amount of time that the band should appear on screen. As it is a Rock music video, performance should be included, as well as more Rock genre conventions if there are any (as i will find out more in future research).

Style and technical features:

Influences on my music video will come from all my research. This includes research on general music videos and specific videos related to my chosen genre. From this research i should gather what conventions there are in rock music videos and how the bands portray themselves. I will also find out if rock music videos do also have conventions when it comes to editing features. As well as i want to find out how to correctly promote the band through my digipack and website.

Locations:

As a rough idea for the music video i want there to be performance. Therefore the appropriate location for this should be the school's theater. However issues may occur with this as there are always performances and rehearsals after school times, therefore i might not be able to use this place, if this is the case i will have to make arrangement to film in the music department.
If narrative is included it will most likely not be within school facilities. Therefore i will have to make sure to plan precisely (if i actually want a narrative) where it would be, when it will happen and what we would need at that location.

Railton and Watson's theory

The theory:

This theory claims that in popular music videos black women are portrayed in an animalistic way. Usually their buttocks is the most accentuated part, followed by wild, loose hair and clothing sometimes resembling animal skin. And regarding the dancing, usually the choreography can be similar to tribal dancing.

Videos that agree with it:

• Nicki Minaj - Stupid Hoe
• Rihanna - Pour it up
• Lady - Twerk
• Rihanna - Where have you been

Video that disagree with it:

• Shakira - She wolf
• Miley Cyrus - Can't be tamed

My opinion:

I think that i do mostly agree with this article. Obviously there is gonna be the odd example of a Caucasian woman that is represented in a primitive or animalistic way, however i think that the primitive and animalistic ways are all features to solemnly represent sexuality which for some case tend to be mostly in black women (the animalistic features).

Though, to represent sexuality in these new and 'modern' artists (be it black, caucasian or latino artists) nudity has overruled the industry, and rather than only portraying themselves as "animals", they tend to go crazy and only seek for who has the most popularity. Therefore crazy outfits, makeup, settings and nudity is what one is most likely things to come across in women's music videos in this day and age.


For example:

• Iggy Azelea - Change your life
• Christina Aquilera - Dirty
• Miley Cyrus - Wrecking Ball
• Lady gaga feat. Beyonce - Telephone

As said before, these videos above show that these artists portray themselves very sexually, however not by necessarily using animalistic-like features.

Andrew Goodwin's theory

Goodwin's theory consists of key conventions that you would find in most music videos. All music videos have most certainly got at least one of these conventions if not more than one.


1) The relationship between the lyric and visuals

Goodwin said that when music videos contain this aspect, they are likely to do either of three present in the video: they illustrate, amplify or contradict the lyrics in the song.

Illustrate: it basically just shows/literraly represents, what the singer is actually singing about. For example in Pink's music video for her song "Fun House".

" I dance around this empty house" - You can clearly see the outline of what's supposed to be a house. The pool being the garden, right in front of her the small cupboard and further away a toilet. And obviously "empty" because there are no walls around.

" Pictures framing up the past ; Your taunting smirk behind the glass" - Another pretty obvious explanation. Picture frames showing her and presumably her partner.

 "But now it's full of evil clowns" - Some sort of figure, that looks similar to a clown but in a "evil" more dark way, just like the lyrics say.

"Drag my mattress to the yard" - Again, really obvious representation, she is being dragged on "her" mattress.







Amplify: This is to reeinforce the meaning of the lyrics or make the audience feel more touched by what the song is about. For example, in Avril Lavigne's video "When you're gone" it is not about representing the lyrics literally, but to reeinforce the meaning of missing someone.

"And the clothes you left; They lie on the floor ;And they smell just like you" - he is not actually smelling the clothes here, he is holding them and hugging them and later on he displays his decieced wife's clothes on the bed. This is all about missing a person, therefore this part of the music video's story has its own way to show why you would miss someone.

"When you're gone; The pieces of my heart are missing you!" - She is watching the news about the war where her husband/ partner is serving. She is missing him too, but because of a different situation.





Contradict: This is where the visial completely contradict the lyrics. Such as in this music video by Jessie J, "Price Tag".

 This being a very obvious contradiction, when she sing "I'ts not about the money" she is dancing around and standing in front of a "money tree"

2) Thought beats: seeing the sound

For this Goodwin identified that the editing of a music video often correlated with the beats of the music. So the editing, in relation to the song changes pace too.

A great example is in this video at 0:53 where the video is edited so that those sharp and prominent beats are in time with the music video itself.

(Olly Murs - Heart Skips a Beat ft. Rizzle Kicks)

 

3) Genre-related style and iconography

In this point Goodwin suggest that within a certain genre or artist(s) there is a specific element which is repeated in various music videos as part of their image. This will turn iconic and as a result into a trademark to which the band or artist will be remembered by, sometimes even decades later.

  

For the band "LMFAO", for example, they are mostly known by their bold choices of outfits. Glasses and big chains are one of the main accessories which they include every time and are very known for. Furthermore, another of their "iconography tricks" so to speak, is that they have a robot.. They call it the "Shuffle Bot" and it appears in almost all of their music videos that i have seen so far.

4) The creation of a star image

This point here is, that to reinforce the artist's star image, the music video will include multiple close-ups of the main artist or vocalist. This is one of the most used conventions that enable the artist to show themselves throughout the video in order to being linked back to that song.

In this example we can see Goodwin's point. Although Queen is a band, there are a lot of close ups to show the main vocalist. And thus, for Queens music videos, they all follow this pattern of having a lot of close ups of the main vocalist.

5) Voyeurism

Goodwin's point in Voyeurism focuses more on the female aspect. In music videos females tend to be sexualised in order to attract male audience too. This is achieved with different type of shots (from behind, for example), in order to accentuate the female body.

In this music video we can clearly see that she is ultimately portrayed sexually. Not only her "lack" of clothing contribute to this, but she clearly accentuates her buttocks in this video. Camera shots in this music video make it very obvious that although it might be a longshot at her whole body is showing, our main focus is still certain parts of her body (chest, legs, buttocks).

  

6) Intertextual references

Specially in humorous music Goodwin recognized that some music video reference other media texts directly. This engages the audience and rewards them by being able to understand that certain reference.

However nowadays, intertextual references are quite common since music artists are often involved with the sountrack in films (and occasionally games, which nowadays is becoming more popular), their music videos for that soundtrack often include either subtil references that relate to the film it supported or (in the majority of cases) inclute clips and snippets of scenes of that film.